WM Arte answers
Was Leonetto Cappiello Italian or French, and what is the Campari "Spiritello"?
Both, in sequence: Leonetto Cappiello was born in Livorno in 1875, moved to Paris in 1898 and became a French citizen in 1930. His Campari "Spiritello", a jester-sprite rising from a spiral of orange peel, is a seven-colour lithograph that Campari has used as a brand symbol; Treccani dates his Bitter Campari poster to 1921.
Treccani also dates his Vermouth Cinzano poster to 1910 and Fernet Branca to 1911. He was known for a single bold figure on a plain background, an idea Dudovich later borrowed. The date of the Spiritello is disputed: the Estorick Collection places it around 1912.
Achille Mauzan, often listed with the Italian masters, was French; he worked at Ricordi from 1912 to 1917.